About the Can-dos

1. There are three types of sentences that show proficiency in Japanese language in the form of ‘I can …’ statements (called “Can-dos” on this site) that the Japan Foundation Japanese-Language Institute, Urawa (“the Institute” hereafter) offer on ‘Minna no Can-do’ website (“the Site” hereafter):
   • CEFR Can-dos
     As set forth in the following sources, these are taken from: ① the CEFR（Common European Framework of Reference for Languages) drawn up by the Council of Europe, or ② a Japanese translation of the above. There are also parts where the Institute acquired permission from the authors or copyright owners connected to the CEFR or its Japanese translation, and made its own translation.
     • Sources:
     • ①Council of Europe (2001) Common European Framework of Reference for Languages: Learning, teaching, assessment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
     • ②Council of Europe (2008) Common European Framework of Reference for Languages: Learning, teaching, assessment. First Edition Second Printing Shigeru Yoshijima, Rie Ohashi (translation-ed.) Asahi Press
   • JF Can-do・JF Can-do for Life in Japan
     The JF Can-dos and the JF Can-dos for Life in Japan offered on the Site are examples of communicative language activities newly created using our own judgement, in order to conform to each common reference level of the CEFR and in line with situations in which Japanese is used, based on analysis of the structure and level features of CEFR Can-dos carried out at the Institute. The Institute created JF Can-dos and JF Can-dos for Life in Japan and carried out verification on them, but the validity of the Can-dos or their correspondence to the common reference levels cannot be guaranteed. In addition, it cannot be guaranteed that an accurate description including every aspect of Japanese language ability has been given in the JF Can-dos and the JF Can-do for Life in Japan.
2. The Can-dos on the Site can be used free of charge without acquiring permission, but please check the following terms and conditions before use:
   • Should the current work be altered, the responsibility for use lies with the user or organisation.
   • Should CEFR Can-dos, JF Can-dos, JF Can-dos for Life in Japan or MY Can-dos be used to carry out tests and official exams, the responsibility lies with the person or organisation who carried out the test or formal exam.

About MY Can-dos, etc.

Using the Site, users who have registered as users (“Registered Users” hereafter) can create their own Can-dos (MY Can-dos), either referring to CEFR Can-dos, JF Can-dos, JF Can-dos for Life in Japan or creating Can-dos from scratch. In addition, Registered Users can attach a note to each Can-do saved in the Can-do folder.

Furthermore, Can-do folders that contain CEFR Can-dos, JF Can-dos, JF Can-dos for Life in Japan and MY Can-dos (each Can-do including attached notes, are referred to as “MY Can-dos, etc.” hereafter) can be made public to other Registered Users (both public folders that can be searched and restricted public folders that cannot be searched are referred to together as “public” hereafter). So that the contents of MY Can-dos, etc. can also be used widely by other Registered Users, if you make a Can-do folder on the Site public to other Registered Users, from the point in time when you make it public, all copyright that arises related to MY Can-dos, etc. (including the rights set forth in article 27 and article 28 of the copyright law. Same as below) will be transferred to the Institute. Registered Users can make the contents of a MY Can-do, etc. that they once made public no longer public, but even if they change the settings to no longer public, the copyright ownership that was transferred to the Institute cannot be changed.

As a result, if a Registered User makes public a Can-do folder on the Site to other Registered Users, by a Registered User making a Can-do folder public, the MY Can-dos, etc. included in there will be used freely by other users. We refuse to make public Can-do folders of Registered Users who do not give consent related to usage of MY Can-dos, etc. by other Registered Users, or consent related to transferring to the Institute all copyright that arises related to MY Can-dos, etc.

サイト開発時に参考にした主な文献

• 青木惣一（2006）「学習開始時と学習終了時のCan-do-statements比較―プロフィシェンシー・テスト、オーラル・インタビューを外部基準として―」『アメリカ・カナダ大学連合日本研究センター紀要』、29号、18-43
• ARCLE編集委員会、田中茂範（編）（2005）『ECF：幼児から成人まで一貫した英語教育のための枠組み』リーベル出版
• 大隅敦子・野口裕之・熊谷龍一・石毛順子・長沼君主・和田晃子・伊東祐郎（2006）「日本語能力試験can-do statements（試行版）とCEFR-DIALANGとの対応付けの試み」『5th International J-OPI-Symposium Berlin 2006』
• Council of Europe（2008）『外国語の学習、教授、評価のためのヨーロッパ共通参照枠』初版第2 刷 吉島茂、大橋理枝（訳、編）、朝日出版社
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• 国際交流基金（2009）『JF 日本語教育スタンダード試行版』 国際交流基金
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• 佐藤郁哉（2008）『質的データ分析法：原理・方法・実践』新曜社
• 塩澤真季・島田徳子・石司えり・小松知子・金孝卿・渡辺愛・西森年寿（2009）「Can-doを活用した日本語教育支援ツールの設計」日本教育工学会第25回全国大会予稿集原稿
• 島田めぐみ・青木惣一・浅見かおり・伊東祐郎・三枝令子・孫媛・野口裕之（2003）「日本語教育機関におけるCan-do-statements調査の活用方法」『2003年度日本語教育学会秋季大会予稿集』、119-124
• 島田めぐみ・谷部弘子・斉藤純男（2007）「日本語科目における言語行動目標の設定―Can-do-statementsを利用して―」『東京学芸大学紀要　総合教育科学系』、58号、495-505
• 長沼君主（2005）「到達度評価のための言語能力発達段階記述の枠組みの必要性」『AJALT』、28号、18-24
• ―――――（2008）「Can-Do 尺度はいかに英語教育を変革しうるか: Can-Do 研究の方向性」『ARCLE REVIEW No.2』、50－77、ARCLE ＜http://www.arcle.jp/research/books/＞2009年9月26日参照
• 長沼君主・大隅敦子・和田晃子・伊東祐郎・熊谷龍一・野口裕之（2007）「JLPT日本語能力記述分作成の試み: 日本語能力試験（JLPT）Can-Do Statements試行版の分析から」『2007年度日本語教育学会秋季大会　予稿集』、　215-217
• 野口裕之・熊谷龍一・大隅敦子・石毛順子・長沼君主（2006）「日本語能力試験can-do statements(試行版）のIRT尺度化と日本語能力試験の得点段階との対応付けの試み」『5th International J-OPI-Symposium Berlin 2006』
• 野口裕之・熊谷龍一・脇田貴文・和田晃子（2007）「日本語Can-do-statements におけるDIF項目の検出」『日本言語テスト学会研究紀要』、10号、106-118
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